This article discusses theoretical approaches to translation theory and practice, some generally accepted models of teaching translation, and also analyzes the data of a survey “The problems of practicing translators” – the answers of 150 practicing translators and language students who are taught translation and interpreting. The main purpose of the research is to identify the most relevant issues in today's new professionals' training in the field of translation. Using the survey and considering its results, the authors formulate and describe the challenges faced by students and graduates in the field of translation who have been trained according to modern methodologies.